C3, C4, and CAM Plants Adaptations to Climate Change

Global climate change is resulting in increases in daily, seasonal, and annual mean temperatures, and increases in the intensity, frequency, and duration of abnormally low and high temperatures. Temperature and other environmental variations have a direct impact on plant growth and are major determining factors in plant distribution. Since humans rely on plants—directly and indirectly—a crucial food source, knowing how well theyre able to withstand and/or acclimate to the new environmental order is crucial. Environmental Impact on Photosynthesis All plants ingest atmospheric carbon dioxide and convert it into sugars and starches through the process of photosynthesis but they do it in different ways. The specific photosynthesis method (or pathway) used by each plant class is a variation of a set of chemical reactions called the Calvin Cycle. These reactions impact the number and type of carbon molecules a plant creates, the places where those molecules are stored, and, most importantly for the study of climate change, a plants ability to withstand low carbon atmospheres, higher temperatures, and reduced water and nitrogen. These processes of photosynthesis—designated by botanists as C3, C4, and CAM,—are directly relevant to global climate change studies  because C3 and C4 plants respond differently to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in temperature and water availability. Humans are currently dependent on plant species that do not thrive in hotter, dryer, and more erratic conditions. As the planet continues to warm up, researchers have begun exploring ways in which plants can be adapted to the changing environment. Modifying the photosynthesis processes may be one way to do that.   C3 Plants The vast majority of land plants we rely on for human food and energy use the C3 pathway, which is the oldest of the pathways for carbon fixation, and it is found in plants of all taxonomies. Almost all extant nonhuman primates across all body sizes, including prosimians, new and old world monkeys, and all the apes—even those who live in regions with C4 and CAM plants—depend on C3 plants for sustenance. Species: Grain cereals such as rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, and barley; vegetables such as cassava, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, and yams; trees such as apple, peach, and eucalyptusEnzyme: Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP or Rubisco) carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco)Process: Convert CO2 into a 3-carbon compound 3-phosphoglyceric acid (or PGA)Where Carbon Is Fixed: All leaf mesophyll cellsBiomass Rates: -22% to -35%, with a mean of -26.5% While the C3 pathway is the most common, it is also inefficient. Rubisco reacts not only with CO2 but also O2, leading to photorespiration, a process that wastes assimilated carbon. Under current atmospheric conditions, potential photosynthesis in C3 plants is suppressed by oxygen as much as 40%. The extent of that suppression increases under stress conditions such as drought, high light, and high temperatures. As global temperatures rise, C3 plants will struggle to survive—and since were reliant on them, so will we. C4 Plants Only about 3% of all land plant species use the C4 pathway, but they dominate nearly all grasslands in the tropics, subtropics, and warm temperate zones. C4 plants also include highly productive crops such as maize, sorghum, and sugar cane. While these crops lead the field for bioenergy, they arent entirely suitable for human consumption. Maize is the exception, however, its not truly digestible unless ground into a powder. Maize and other crop plants are also used as animal feed, converting the energy to meat—another inefficient use of plants. Species: Common in forage grasses of lower latitudes, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, fonio, tef, and papyrusEnzyme: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylaseProcess: Convert CO2 into 4-carbon intermediateWhere Carbon Is Fixed: The mesophyll cells (MC) and the bundle sheath cells (BSC). C4s have a ring of BSCs surrounding each vein and an outer ring of MCs surrounding the bundle sheath, known as the Kranz anatomy.Biomass Rates: -9 to -16%, with a mean of -12.5%. C4 photosynthesis is a biochemical modification of the C3 photosynthesis process in which the C3 style cycle only occurs in the interior cells within the leaf. Surrounding the leaves are mesophyll cells that contain a much more active enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase. As a result, C4 plants thrive on long growing seasons with lots of access to sunlight. Some are even saline-tolerant, allowing researchers to consider whether areas that have experienced salinization resulting from past irrigation efforts can be restored by planting salt-tolerant C4 species. CAM Plants CAM photosynthesis was named in honor of the plant family in which  Crassulacean, the stonecrop family or the orpine family, was first documented. This type of photosynthesis is an adaptation to low water availability and occurs in orchids and succulent plant species from arid regions. In plants employing full CAM photosynthesis, the stomata in the leaves are closed during daylight hours to lessen evapotranspiration and open at night in order to take in carbon dioxide. Some C4 plants also function at least partially in C3 or C4 mode. In fact, theres even a plant called Agave Angustifolia that switches back and forth between modes as the local system dictates. Species: Cactuses and other succulents, Clusia, tequila agave, pineapple.Enzyme: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylaseProcess: Four phases that are tied to available sunlight, CAM plants collect CO2 during the day and then fix CO2 at night as a 4 carbon intermediate.Where Carbon Is Fixed: VacuolesBiomass Rates: Rates can fall into either C3 or C4 ranges. CAM plants exhibit the highest water-use efficiencies in plants which enable them to do well in water-limited environments, such as semi-arid deserts. With the exceptions of pineapple and a few agave species, such as the tequila agave, CAM plants are relatively unexploited in terms of human use for food and energy resources. Evolution and Possible Engineering Global food insecurity is already an extremely acute problem, rendering the continued reliance on inefficient food and energy sources a dangerous course, especially when we dont know how plant cycles will be affected as our atmosphere becomes more carbon-rich. The reduction in atmospheric CO2 and the drying of the Earths climate are thought to have promoted C4 and CAM evolution, which raises the alarming possibility that elevated CO2 may reverse the conditions that favored these alternatives to C3 photosynthesis. Evidence from our ancestors shows that hominids can adapt their diet to climate change. Ardipithecus ramidus and Ar anamensis were both reliant on C3 plants but when a climate change altered eastern Africa from wooded regions to savannah about four million years ago, the species that survived—Australopithecus afarensis and Kenyanthropus platyops—were mixed C3/C4 consumers. By 2.5 million years ago, two new species had evolved: Paranthropus, whose focus shifted to C4/CAM food sources, and early Homo sapiens that consumed both C3 and C4 plant varieties. C3 to C4 Adaptation The evolutionary process that changed C3 plants into C4 species has occurred not once but at least 66 times in the past 35 million years. This evolutionary step led to enhanced photosynthetic performance and increased water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. As a result, C4 plants have twice as the photosynthetic capacity as C3 plants and can cope with higher temperatures, less water,  and available nitrogen. Its for these reasons, biochemists are currently trying to find ways to move C4 and CAM traits (process efficiency, tolerance of high temperatures, higher yields, and resistance to drought and salinity) into C3 plants as a way to offset environmental changes faced by global warming. At least some C3 modifications are believed possible  because comparative studies have shown these plants already possess some rudimentary genes similar in function to those of C4 plants. While hybrids of C3 and C4 have been pursued more than five decades, due to chromosome mismatching and hybrid sterility success has remained out of reach. The Future of Photosynthesis The potential to enhance food and energy security has led to marked increases in research on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides our food and fiber supply, as well as most of our sources of energy. Even the bank of hydrocarbons that reside in the Earths crust was originally created by photosynthesis. As fossil fuels are depleted—or should humans limit the use of fossil fuel to forestall global warming—the world will face the challenge of replacing that energy supply with renewable resources. Expecting the evolution of humans to keep up with the rate of climate change over the next 50 years is not practical. Scientists are hoping that with the use of enhanced genomics, plants will be another story. Sources: Ehleringer, J.R.; Cerling, T.E. C3 and C4 Photosynthesis in Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Munn, T.; Mooney, H.A.; Canadell, J.G., editors. pp 186–190. John Wiley and Sons. London. 2002Keerberg, O.; Pà ¤rnik, T.; Ivanova, H.; Bassà ¼ner, B.; Bauwe, H. C2 photosynthesis generates about 3-fold elevated leaf CO2 levels in the C3–C4 intermediate species in Journal of Experimental Botany 65(13):3649-3656. 2014Flaveria pubescensMatsuoka, M.; Furbank, R.T.; Fukayama, H.; Miyao, M. Molecular engineering of c4 photosynthesis in Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. pp 297–314. 2014.Sage, R.F. Photosynthetic efficiency and carbon concentration in terrestrial plants: the C4 and CAM solutions in Journal of Experimental Botany 65(13), pp. 3323–3325. 2014Schoeninger, M.J. Stable Isotope Analyses and the Evolution of Human Diets in Annual Review of Anthropology 43, pp. 413–430. 2014Sponheimer, M.; Alemseged, Z.; Cerling, T .E.; Grine, F.E.; Kimbel, W.H.; Leakey, M.G.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Manthi, F.K.; Reed, K.E.; Wood, B.A.; et al. Isotopic evidence of early hominin diets in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(26), pp. 10513–10518. 2013Van der Merwe, N. Carbon Isotopes, Photosynthesis and Archaeology in American Scientist 70, pp 596–606. 1982

OF MICE AND MEN - 1721 Words

In the book Of Mice and Men, the single women that appeared in the book resented herself as an object. The statement Women today are more often treated by men as equals rather than objects can be true or false. A man that goes to Gentleman s Cubs every night is a different man that studies at Harvard Law School. A striper is going to be a different person than a CEO of a successful business. It’s all about how you present yourself. In Of Mice and Men, Curley s wife presents herself in a seductive way that makes men think all she wants is something sexual. A women wearing modest close in a business environment would be treated as an equal. In the novel Of Mice and Men they only show one version of women, which is someone who throws†¦show more content†¦The men on the farm refer to her as a â€Å"tramp,† a â€Å"tart,† and a â€Å"looloo.† Dressed in fancy, feathered red shoes, she represents the temptation of female sexuality in a male-dominated wo rld. Steinbeck depicts Curley’s wife not as a villain, but rather as a victim. Like the ranch-hands, she is desperately lonely and has broken dreams of a better life. Curley’s wife: Of Mice and Menis not kind in its portrayal of women. In fact, women are treated with contempt throughout the course of the book. Steinbeck generally depicts women as troublemakers who bring ruin on men and drive them mad. Curley’s wife, who walks the ranch as a temptress, seems to be a prime example of this destructive tendency—Curley’s already bad temper has only worsened since their wedding. Aside from wearisome wives, Of Mice and Men offers limited, rather misogynistic, descriptions of women who are either dead maternal figures or prostitutes. Despite Steinbeck’s rendering, Curley’s wife emerges as a relatively complex and interesting character. Although her purpose is rather simple in the book’s opening pages—she is the â€Å"tramp,† â€Å"tart,† and â€Å"bitch† that threatens to destroy male happiness and longevity—her appearances later in the novella become more complex. When she confronts Lennie, Candy, and Crooks in the stable, she admits to feeling a kind ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men1132 Words   |  5 PagesMax Nesins Mrs. Thompson HSE 1; Period 3 November 3, 2015 Analysis of Of Mice and Men. During the 1930’s Great Depression, author, John Steinbeck (1902-1968) wrote many books regarding the difficulties and tragedies that struck farmers who strived to make a living in a rural, and destitute California. One intriguing novel that exhibits his common themes is Of Mice and Men. 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C and c huck finn, ethan frome Essay Example For Students

C and c huck finn, ethan frome Essay Huckleberry Finn, The Great Gatsby, and Ethan Frome were books written by three different authors and may have seemed completely different. The main characters of these books, Huck Finn, Ethan Frome, and Jay Gatsby, appeared to be three distinct persons, but in one aspect or another came together as one. Love and communication served to bring these three characters together and, along with social order, also set them apart. Huck, Ethan, and Jay showed their similarities and differences through their actions and dialogue. Love was an aspect shared by many characters in a wide variety of novels, but none other than Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Edith Whartons Ethan Frome, and F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Each of these novels main characters showed a deep emotional bond with another character.Huck Finns relationship with Jim was somewhat strange, but nevertheless was strong. Jim was a runaway slave and Huck thought that it was a sin to help a runaway slave. Despite his religious beliefs, Huck knew that he was the best friend old Jim ever had, and the only one hes got now. He knew that by helping Jim he will go to hell, but took this risk and followed his own morality. Love was also shared between two characters in Ethan Frome. The love shared in this novel was different from the love in Huckleberry Finn, for Ethans love was of sexual nature. Ethan Frome was married to Zenobia Frome who suffered from illness during the later stages of her life. Zeenas young cousin, Mattie Silver, was hired to relieve Zeena of her household duties. Ethan was attracted to Mattie because she was the antithesis of Zeena. While Mattie was young, happy, healthy, and beautiful like the summer, Zeena was seven years older than Ethan, bitter, ugly, and sickly cold like the winter. Zeena had always had her way and wished to get rid of Mattie, fearing the relationship between Mattie and Ethan. Ethan for the first time totally defied his wife and took Matties defense by saying, You cant go Matt! I wont let you! Shes always had her way, but I mean to have mine now. Another type of love was the love of possessions, which was clearly evident in the novel The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby tried to capture his dream by trying to get his past love to fall in love with him again. Gatsby attempted to get Daisy to fall in love with him again by amassing a great wealth. He purchased a mansion bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the Bay, He also threw extravagant parties hoping that Daisy might attend one. Communication was important in any relationship, and Huck, Jay, and Ethan all communicated within their relationships. The way these characters communicated had its similarities and differences.They lied sometimes to get what they wanted, and this was clearly evident with Huck Finn. Usually, Huck got himself up stumps and had to lie to get down from them. On one occasion while at dinner, Huck saw that he was up a stump. (He) had to let on to get choked on a chicken bone, so as to get time to think how to get down again. Huck also often relied on Providence and went right along, not fixing any plan, but just trusting Providence to put the right words in my mouth when the time come. Huck did not lie to Jim, whom he had a deep relationship with, and trusted Jim not to lie to him. Ethan Frome did not lie as much as Huck, but when he did lie, it made significance. He had never lied outright to Zeena and as soon as the words were spoken he regretted them, not only because they were untrue, but also because he knew from experience the imprudence of letting Zeena think he was in funds on the eve of one of her therapeutic excursions. He took the risk of lying to Zeena just to have one night alone with Mattie. .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .postImageUrl , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:hover , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:visited , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:active { border:0!important; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:active , .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0 .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud02bc744d1216498e31535771fa171e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Malaysia Car Industry Essay Ethan and Zeenas relationship was one of silence, while his relationship with Mattie was joyous, as they shared their thoughts and feelings towards each other. Unlike Huck and Ethan, Jay lied to protect the one that he loved most. He was convinced that Daisy still loved him even after Daisy killed Myrtle. In order to protect Daisy, he told Nick Carraway, Yes†¦. But of course Ill say I was (driving). Gatsby also lied to Nick about his past and his family so that Nick would help him in his pursuit of Daisy. Social class was one aspect that distinguished all three characters from one another. Huck remained at the very bottom of the social ladder. He had no one or nothing to fall back on. Despite his lack of money, Huck enjoyed his life and was the happiest out of Ethan, Jay, and himself. Huck did not want to be so cramped up and sivilized, as they call it, but lived his life like an adventurous float down a river. Ethan Frome was stuck in the middle of the social class. He lived in one of those lonely New England farm-houses that make the landscape lonelier and owned a sawmill a couple of miles away. Frome was also content with his social status and only wanted to change his position in his love life. Jay Gatsby was at the top of the social ladder. He had acquired all of his wealth in pursuit of his own fantasy, getting Daisy to love him. To get this wealth, he associated with known criminals such as Myer Wolfsheim, appeared to be involved with bootlegging, and was rumored to have killed a man. Gatsby was not satisfied with his material possessions and was never really satisfied without Daisy.These three characters all shared common bonds, but were different at times. Love and communication were what brought these three characters together, and along with social order, were what set them apart. Huck, Ethan, and Jay were like most characters in that they were in a constant search for happiness. Searching for happiness was what brought these three characters together, but whether that can be achieved by money, love, or adventure was what set them apart.

Sociology Of Corrections Essays - Criminal Law, Penology

Sociology Of Corrections Typically, there are four justifications for punishment that are still used today in the United States: Retribution, deterrence, incapication, and rehabilitation. There are many ways of reaching these justifications besides prison today, which are made to help the current problems in the criminal justice system. There are many different views about the effectiveness of these justifications, and with all of the problems in the criminal justice system many questions are left unanswered today, such as...... How well do the realities of the correctional enterprise concur with these justifications of punishment ? Reality in this aspect generally means the rate of recidivism for a given offender. According to Marquart and Sorensen, It may be possible to manipulate certain gross features of the existing, conceptional prison system- such as length of sentence and degree of security- in order to affect these recidivism rates. (Correctional Contexts, Roxbury Publishing company, 1997, pg. 299 ) The recidivism rates for any given offender depend upon a lot of variables, one of which being, time of sentence. One harsh reality of the correctional enterprise is that the majority of the correctional institutions in the United States today are over crowded. A 1992 survey said that, there are 3,500 county jails in the United States today, and there are 400,000 inmates inhabiting them. ( Class discussion, September 20 ) This makes time of sentence difficult to be fair about when there is no room to house an offender, even if he does deserve it. In light of what we know about corrections, how successful are we in achieving these goals? Which should society use retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation? Justifications for specific sanctions overlap considerably. A term of imprisonment may be philosophically justified by its primary goal of retribution but also serve the secondary functions of deterrence and incapacitation. ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 1 ) Judges try and impliment sentences for these three justifications as often as possible when it fits the crime, however rehabilitation according to Clear and Cole conflict with the other three justifications. ...Rehabilitation clearly conflicts with the other goals. For example, the deterrent power of incarceration depends primarily on being unpleasant. If incarceration consists mainly of a pleasant rehabilitative experience, its deterrent power is lost. ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 1 ) This obviously puts a lot more pressure on the correctional program, especially the judge and jury who are imposing the punishment. I would imagine that in most cases we are very successful in achieving retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation, however rehabilitation is used only if it deems itself to be absolutely necessary. Which in a lot of peoples opinions, rehabilitation should be the first thing on the agenda of the courts for each offender, however, that's not the case. How do current problems in corrections exacerbate the burden of justifying punishment ? The current problems in corrections completely intensify the burden of decision making when it comes to the criminal process. This is one of the main reasons that we have so many new approaches for punishment rather then using incarceration. Probation, restitution and fines, community service, substance abuse treatment, day reporting, house arrest and electronic monitoring, halfway house, and boot camp ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 2-63 ) all of theseforms of punishment are available to help the courts decide something else to do with offenders rather then imprisonment. Currently there are 4 million American's under some kind of correctional authority, and 1.8 million are incarcerated ( Class discussion, September 7 ) With the serious problem of correctional institutions being over crowded, it doesn't help the institution itself, as well as not helping the inmate. This is not including the amount of money that it costs just to keep one person incarcerated for a period of time. With all of this in mind, come all of these new punishments that help relieve some of the burden of decision making on the correctional world. Is imprisonment philosophically justified ? In my opinion, imprisonment is absolutely philosophically justified. When a given individual breaks the laws mandated by society, he/she needs to be punished. I personally believe in the middle eastern philosophy of an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.

Free Essays on Bon-Odori

Bon-Odori Bon-Odori is the annual memorial dance to commemorate the lives of loved ones who have passed away during the previous 12 months. Over a two-day period in August many Buddhists celebrate the Bon Odori Festival. Bon Odori originates from the story of a Buddhist disciple, Moggallana, who envisioned his deceased mother in the Realm of Hungry Ghosts where she was suffering for her selfishness. Greatly disturbed, he went to Buddha to ask how he could release her from this upside down world. The Buddha advised his disciple to perform some charitable act in memory of his mother. The disciple did this and, thus, secured her release. He also began to see the true nature of her past unselfishness and the many sacrifices that she had made for him. The disciple was so happy for his mother’s release and grateful for her kindness he couldn’t help but to dance with joy. From this dance of joy comes Bon Odori (Memorial Dance), a time when our ancestors and their sacrifices are remembered and appreciated. Today, Bon Odori Festival participants continue this custom as they dance in traditional Japanese dress such as kimono, yukata, and hapi. The dances, usually performed in a circle, may include the use of round or folding fans, castanets, sticks or cotton towels and recall both daily life in Japan and remembrance of ancestors. The music is usually a simple rhythm with or without vocals. This celebration helps Buddhist come to terms with the passing of loved ones. It is a time to celebrate and appreciate the lives of the friends and family they have lost.... Free Essays on Bon-Odori Free Essays on Bon-Odori Bon-Odori Bon-Odori is the annual memorial dance to commemorate the lives of loved ones who have passed away during the previous 12 months. Over a two-day period in August many Buddhists celebrate the Bon Odori Festival. Bon Odori originates from the story of a Buddhist disciple, Moggallana, who envisioned his deceased mother in the Realm of Hungry Ghosts where she was suffering for her selfishness. Greatly disturbed, he went to Buddha to ask how he could release her from this upside down world. The Buddha advised his disciple to perform some charitable act in memory of his mother. The disciple did this and, thus, secured her release. He also began to see the true nature of her past unselfishness and the many sacrifices that she had made for him. The disciple was so happy for his mother’s release and grateful for her kindness he couldn’t help but to dance with joy. From this dance of joy comes Bon Odori (Memorial Dance), a time when our ancestors and their sacrifices are remembered and appreciated. Today, Bon Odori Festival participants continue this custom as they dance in traditional Japanese dress such as kimono, yukata, and hapi. The dances, usually performed in a circle, may include the use of round or folding fans, castanets, sticks or cotton towels and recall both daily life in Japan and remembrance of ancestors. The music is usually a simple rhythm with or without vocals. This celebration helps Buddhist come to terms with the passing of loved ones. It is a time to celebrate and appreciate the lives of the friends and family they have lost....

Response 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Response 2 - Essay Example For this reason, followers of the religion are the least westernized. In addition, Appiah (2006) recognizes the importance of religion is retaining the cultural and social balance. In an example, he cites that the superior nature of man over women is today recognized as a religious teaching. However, this is important in cultural or social setting. However, Appiah is correct to argue against the use of violence to retain social balance or cultural purity. Generally, the article portrays the role of religion as a mandatory way of retaining the purity of cultures and humanity. However, this approach to humanity cannot be effective in the modern humanity. People have the freedom to explore other cultures and social paradigms without being held back by religious customs or untimely religious interpretations. In the response by India Ferguso’s post, I agree with the argument that the religious view of one person should not be universal. This is based on that each religion or person may have different perception of religion, culture and social life. Regardless of the cultural or religious affiliation, a person may always explore culture that they perceive as appropriate for them. However, I disagree with the assumption that westernization has increased the disregard of culture and religion. The western culture is part of the paradigm of a changing world. If people, mostly leaders, enhanced their teaching on religion and tradition the world population would not be easily westernized. Westernization may be a failure on cultures and religion to remain stern and resist being versatile to suit the need and beliefs of every person. For instance, religions like Islam remain less corroded from the fact that they retain the original provisions of the religion regardless of the global

The Women of Alwal Alis Tribe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Women of Alwal Alis Tribe - Essay Example Lila Abu-Lughod describes the cultural phenomena of an Awlad ‘Ali people found in Egypt. The basis of her research is on dynamics existing in different genders with a concern on the rights of women in the Middle East, the link existing between the power and cultural forms, the representation as far as politics is concerned. Lila Abu-Lughod in her work about the veiling sentiments brings out the importance of covering of the head among the women. Once a woman comes across an elderly man, she is supposed to cover her head as a sign of respect for the elderly. This is not the case in case the same woman would come across a younger man. It is essential to note that, the women covered their heads, which was seen as a sign of respect to the elderly, were solely meant for the Bedouin men. The Bedouin women do not cover their head when they come across other elderly men from other communities. â€Å".One notes the distinctive glint of silver on her wrist, a vibrant full-length dress g athered at the waist by a red cummerbund and a head covered in black (Abu-Lughod, 1986:2).† In case, any woman declines to use the head cover or the red belt, this action is termed as the scandalous or inappropriate. In the ethnography, the author brings about the concept of marriage among the Awlad ‘Ali tribe.