Simund Freud and The Treatment of Neurosis and Psychosis

â€Å"Cocaine’s a hell of a drug,† as Rick James would say, but who would think it would be used by one of the greatest minds in medicine. Sigmund Freud is known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. His ideas became building the blocks of psychology. He provided many insights on the human mind, and thoughts on how to treat issues in it. It’s kind of hard to believe, seeing that he was probably out his mind half the time. He has helped guide the way for the ideas of psychology today. Sigmund got old along with his ideas. He died, but is his ideas still alive? In this paper, I will research the ideas and methods of Sigmund Freud as it pertains to the treatment of neurosis and psychosis. First, I will explain what psychoanalysis is, along†¦show more content†¦After two busts, Freud was not worried and felt that he was on the brink of finding a method with lasting effects. This is when he developed the method called free association. Free association was a method he developed that allowed him to tap into the patients unconscious mind while the patient was still conscious (Alexander 15). Free association involves the doctor using different techniques or games so the patient responding with the first thing that comes to their mind. This includes word association, ink blots, and just meaningless conversation to catch grammar habits or anything else that could be used to key into an emotional or mental problem. It is used to help dig into a patient’s inner thoughts because the patient wasn’t thinking but letting their unco nscious express itself. The next method Freud discovered was called transference. It’s also believed to be his most important and powerful discovery when it came to fighting the resistance of a patient (Alexander 16-17). Transference is simply the sympathy from the patient to their doctor and it is not just limited to psychoanalysis, but given the emotional intensity of the treatments it is just a powerful bond (Coriat 36-37). For example, if your patient in any medical field has confidence in you than they are more likely to open up to you and trust what you are doing, which in psychoanalysis is very important. Freud called this method transference, because he saw that the patient would transfer their

Fracking Of Gas From Unconventional Deposits Essay

The term â€Å"unconventional mining† refers to the removal of gas from unconventional deposits. This includes shale gas (shale rock), tight gas (certain sandstones mainly) and coal seam gas mining (from coal seams). (â€Å"Fracking in western Australia - the basics,† 2015) The extraction of Shale and tight gas in particular relies upon a controversial practice called hydraulic fracturing or â€Å"fracking†. This technique may also be used in coal seam gas extraction, although less frequently. Unconventional mining – mainly fracking - has become an increasingly politically sensitive issue in Australia and around the world, to the point where it may even help swing seats in regional areas. Conventional coal and gas mining does not involve extraction from unconventional reservoirs, and thus almost never involves fracking, although there are many other issues associated with it. (Hepburn Cook, 2015) The fracking process itself involves drilling a deep well i nto an underground rock formation, which then has fluids pumped into it at extremely high pressures – pressures high enough to form small scale cracks in the extremely hard rock. The high pressure of the fluid causes the rock to shatter, after which the fluid is mostly withdrawn and gas is released. â€Å"Unconventional gas† is found in gas deposits trapped within deep geological formations, often within shale rock, coal deposits or tight sandstone. Most deposits exploited in Australia can be found close to east coast and also in the south ofShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Shale Gas And Natural Gas1745 Words   |  7 PagesShale gas is a natural gas that can be extracted from the fabric of shale rocks by means of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. There is controversy surrounding this extraction process, as in the process of building facilities in which gases are extracted, people are made aware of the hazards that are involved both with building the site of extractio n and with extracting the gas itself. This essay aims to assess the extent to which these hazards can affect those residing in Lancashire. ThroughoutRead MoreFracking And The Gas Industry1573 Words   |  7 Pageshydraulic fracturing - a process for extracting natural gas- has spread rapidly across the United States. High volume hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking,† is a process in which water and chemicals are injected into shale formations underground in order to release trapped natural gas. As fracking spreads throughout the United States, there are more and more reported cases of contaminated drinking water and illness among citizens living near fracking sites. 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Where conventional wells drill straight down and can only collect from more free-flowing deposits, fracking allows for horizontal drilling into shale dep osits and uses water pressure to enlarge pre-existing fractures- freeingRead MoreThe Quest For Progress Is The Center Of Every Great Civilization1725 Words   |  7 Pagesmid-nineteenth century saw the advent and development of industrial civilization through the use of machines and the exploitation of new energy sources where vapor energy was first used then finally electricity provided by fossil fuels with coal and oil (later gas). Fossil fuel energies allow to design autonomous vehicles carrying their own source of energy (locomotives, automobiles and airplanes). During the twentieth century to our time, the growth of humanity energy needs is accelerating with an exponentialRead MoreThe Problem Of Energy Production1870 Words   |  8 Pagesnegative stigma stems from its military roots and its potential for catastrophic disaster, which has become very real in the wake of Japan’s recent natural disasters. The answer to kicking our oil habit may actually be much simpler tha n any of these other alternatives. The key to securing our energy independence may have been under our feet the entire time we were bending to the oil cartel’s (OPEC’s) every demand. Here in America we have been sitting atop a goldmine of natural gas wells that rank amongRead MoreFracking : The Economic And Environmental Effect Of Hydraulic Fracking1165 Words   |  5 PagesFracking Fracking, a technique used to extract natural gas and oil from the earth s subterranean rocks, is by no means a new thing. As the United States strives for energy independence, the number of wells produced by hydraulic fracturing has increased substantially. This method of harvesting natural gas and oil may contribute to pollution and has become a controversial topic. It is important to understand the pros and cons of fracking before drawing conclusions. Analyzing the economic and environmentalRead MoreSources Of Oil And Gas Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesUnconventional sources of oil and gas are becoming important for the journey of energy security. Conventional oil and gas will be unable to meet the growing demand requirements in future so there is a need to look for alternative resources of energy. In a volatile oil price movement, unconventional resources are viewed as important and economically attractive for future continuous supply. The impact of US shale gas success has been felt throughout the world. India is known to have good amount ofRead MoreThe Energy Information Administration ( 2016 )1250 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease accounting for 51% of total national output. The vast majority of this new production comes from shale formation in the Eagle Ford formation and Permian Basin of Texas, and Bakken and Three Forks formations of North Dakota and Montana (EIA, 2016). Beginning in 2003 hydraulic fracturing was widely used to extract natural gas from these formations (SAFE, 2012). After demand for natural gas fell, oil producers shifted their assets to producing crude oil, igniting a â€Å"virtual revolution† in URead MoreThe Impact Of Shale Gas Revolution On Natural Gas From Shale Formation1445 Words   |  6 Pagesforums which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and environment

Health Work Force

Question: Discuss about the Health Work Force. Answer: Issue Statement Attracting and maintaining the right workforce guides the success of the organization. The success of a health organization is guided by the satisfaction of its staffs. Job satisfaction is the urge that glues the workers to their job. Job satisfaction in a health institution is affected by a broad range of issues such as the management leadership, the training of the workforce, compensation and job description. The lack of work satisfaction in health sector leads to high rate of turnover, low productivity, and unhappy patients. The paper looks at the impact of job satisfaction in the health sector and provides the recommendations to the CEO on the strategies to address the issue. Background and Discussions Low Job satisfaction in the health sector is as a result of the gaps between the employees expectations and what they get. According to Chaulagain Khadka (2012), job satisfaction is affected by personal and work-related factors. When an employee does not meet his expectations such as personal achievements, he is frustrated and demotivated by his work. Additionally, when the work environment is harsh, the employees tend to distance themselves from work. Yami et al., (2011) notes that lack of a supportive work environment for employees results to frustrations and work dissatisfaction. The inability to achieve personal and work-related expectations sets a path for low work satisfaction. Thus, Low job satisfaction originates from the discrepancy of the expectation the nurses hold and what the eventually get during the period at work. The prevalence of the expectations gaps results to the existence of low job satisfaction among the nurses. The high number of nurses turnover elevates the gravity of the issue of low job satisfaction in a health organization. According to Asegid, Belachew Yimam (2014), low job satisfaction increases employees turnover. The increase in the number of nurses that elopes from the organization and others quitting the professional completely highlights the impact of job satisfaction in the health sector. The inability of an institution to maintain the skilled workforce is a clear indication of the issue of low work satisfaction for the nurses. Moreover, the problem of persistent absenteeism from work and slowness in handling different situations at work points to the severity of job satisfaction issue in the organization. Chaulagain Khadka (2012) claim that dissatisfaction at work leads the employees to avoid duties and become more reluctant to address emergency matters in the health unit. Furthermore, the patient dissatisfaction with the care from the nurses bold the nurses dissatisfaction w ith the job. There is a clear link between an unhappy and unsatisfied patient and a nurse dissatisfied with her work (Bonenberger, Aikins, Akweongo Wyss, 2014). Work dissatisfaction leads to reduce efficiency and productivity from the employees. Hence, affect the services received by the clients. The constants grievances aired by the patients and bad reviews of the organization services are reminiscent of the nurses dissatisfaction with the work. Unsatisfied nurses fail to concentrate on their mandate to give the best care to their patients. Thus, a high number of turnover, employee absenteeism and slowness at work, low productivity and unsatisfied patients indicate the existence of low job satisfaction in a health organization. The issue of low job satisfaction impacts on the whole healthy delivery system. Employees job satisfaction has a direct relation with quality services an organization offers to the clients. Low job satisfaction will hamper the health care organization objectives in delivery quality health care. According to Lambrou, Kontodimopoulos Niakas (2010), work dissatisfaction reduces employees commitment towards organizational goals and reduces productivity. The lack of the shared goal between the employees and the organization affects the achievements of the sets objectives. Additionally, the high rate absenteeism will derail the efficient and quality health care from the health unit. Hence, the organization will not meet the expectation to delivering quality care. Moreover, the organization will suffer financially in a bid to replace employees who move out. The understaffing of an organization at some period dictates that organization pay for overtime to the remaining workforce (Yami et al ., 2011).Thus, low job satisfaction affects the team ability to meets its objectives and has the financial implications. The health workers are affected by the low job satisfaction. Low work satisfaction denies the workers capacity to complete their job and meet the patient needs (Yami et al., 2011). The inability to give their best denies them professional recognition. Moreover, turnover as a result of little satisfaction and eventual quitting of the career denies health workers career growth opportunities. The patient lacks quality health care from the nurses and suffers from wrong diagnosis and possible death. Employees with low job satisfaction are slow in responding to emergencies (Pinder, 2014). Hence, the recipient of the health care is affected by work dissatisfaction in the health sector. Increasing job satisfaction of health workers will ensure they deliver quality care to patients and improved productivity locally and globally. Job satisfaction increases competencies and builds team relations with colleagues and local communities (Bhatnagar Srivastava, 2012). The urge to be on the job and to carry it out diligently will enable health workers to take care of the patient effectively, own their responsibility and ultimate success of the health care system. Health organization should increase job satisfaction to allow the retention of the employees and motivates the performance. The pride of being in the job and the organization results in satisfaction and returns positive outcomes. Job satisfaction in health sector benefits every stakeholder. Several initiatives have been undertaken to improve the job satisfaction in the area of health. Organizations have devolved decision making to capture and recognize employees suggestions. According to Kumar et al. (2013), most countries and organizations have involved employees in the HRM activities and broadened decision space. The ability to recognize workers input results to job satisfaction. Lima, Pires, Forte Medeiros (2014) note that improved Human resource policies reduce turnover. Additionally, different governments and health institutions have upwardly reviewed the benefits of workers and provide regular training. Improving the well-being of employees and providing growth opportunities improves workers retention. The different measures have significantly ensured low rates of turnover. However, there exist constraints that hinder adoption of various alternatives aimed at enhancing job satisfaction in the health sector. Some organizations have bureaucratic administration styl e that frustrates employees consultation resulting in job dissatisfaction. Tough supervision and lack of involvement in decision making deny the employees the autonomy and room for creativity that causes low job satisfaction (Bhatnagar Srivastava, 2012). Additionally, lack of finances to recruit enough workforce results to overwork and lack of enough medical facilities limit the nurses in offering quality health care. High job satisfaction positively impacts the employees, the organization and the patients (Lima, Pires, Forte Medeiros, 2014). Hence, employees will drop out of their career, the patients will receive inadequate health care while organizations will suffer financially and unable to meets their objectives if the issue is not resolved. Conclusion Job satisfaction in the health sector is essential in ensuring effective health care system. Increasing nurses work satisfaction will reduce turnover and improve productivity. The organization will benefit from a workforce that is aligned towards its objectives of giving quality health care. The organization will save the cost of labor replacement. Moreover, the patient will receive utmost care from a committed and happy workforce. Hence, Work satisfaction in health care is critical in ensuring efficient health services. Recommendations The organization should develop friendly and accommodating human resource practices that involve the employees in decision making. Employees value the feeling of recognition and autonomy which increases creativity in health care delivery (Kehoe Wright, 2013). Giving the health workers the ability to make an independent decision will improve work satisfaction in the organization. The Organization Management should upwardly review the employees benefits and the promotion criteria to ensure everyone has a chance for personal and professional growth. Career and personal development opportunities improve job satisfaction (Asegid, Belachew Yimam, 2014)). Hence, the organization should remunerate the workers and provide training forums. The management of the organization should adopt an effective leadership style. The bureaucratic hierarchy brings conflict and dissatisfaction in the organization (Wong, Laschinger, 2013). Adopting an all-inclusive leadership and management supportive style will ensure effective teamwork and ultimate job satisfaction. The health center management should improve the physical working environment. An understaffed and underequipped facility leads to low job satisfaction and high rate of turnover (Pinder, 2014). The lack of enough workforces will cause overworking of staffs that will cause burnout. Lack of equipments will hinder quality health care delivery and demotivation of staff and result in little job satisfaction. The organization should ensure they recruit the right people and design regular recreation exercises to deal with work stress. Lack of necessary qualifications and experience in the job causes work-related stress, hence, low job satisfaction (Khamisa, Oldenburg, Peltzer Ilic, 2015). Having the best fit for the job will ensure they conduct duties without strain and improve satisfaction. Moreover, engaging in recreation activities within the organization will help employees deal with the stress and become satisfied in their work. Implementation The health care organization management should implement the recommendations through adequate consultation with the employees. The Management should document every agreement with the views from the employees. The organization should strive to apply the solutions in a timeline of three months entirely. The center leaders should always undertake staff satisfaction surveys to determine the success of the recommendations. Communication The recommendation should be communicated to all organization leaders and all staffs. The communication should be done through departmental meetings or memos placed on notice boards. Additionally, the CEO can choose to address the workers through formal letters or emails. Hence, would not require any communication plan. References Asegid, A., Belachew, T., Yimam, E. (2014). Factors influencing job satisfaction and anticipated turnover among nurses in sidama zone public health facilities, south Ethiopia. Nursing research and practice, 12 (2)2014. Bhatnagar, K., Srivastava, K. (2012). Job satisfaction in health-care organizations. Industrial psychiatry journal, 21(1), 75. Bonenberger, M., Aikins, M., Akweongo, P., Wyss, K. (2014). The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Human resources for health, 12(1), 43. Chaulagain, N., Khadka, D. K. (2012). Factors influencing job satisfaction among healthcare professionals at Tilganga eye centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Age, 35(56), 74-67. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 39(2), 366-391. Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K., Ilic, D. (2015). Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(1), 652-666. Kumar, R., Ahmed, J., Shaikh, B. T., Hafeez, R., Hafeez, A. (2013). Job satisfaction among public health professionals working in public sector: a cross sectional study from Pakistan. Human resources for health, 11(1), 2. Lambrou, P., Kontodimopoulos, N., Niakas, D. (2010). Motivation and job satisfaction among medical and nursing staff in a Cyprus public general hospital. Human resources for health, 8(1), 26. Lima, L. , Pires, D. , Forte, E. Medeiros, F. (2014). Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of primary health care professionals. Escola Anna Nery, 18(1), 17-24. Pinder, C. C. (2014). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Wong, C. A., Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(4), 947-959. Yami, A., Hamza, L., Hassen, A., Jira, C., Sudhakar, M. (2011). Job satisfaction and its determinants among health workers in jimma university specialized hospital, southwest ethiopia. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 21(3).

The Glassmenagerie 1st Draft Essay Example For Students

The Glassmenagerie 1st Draft Essay 1st DRAFT Heinz Rachut 10/30/01All of the characters in The Glass Menagerie have specific symbols in the play representing themselves. Some of the symbols for Tom are the Merchant Marine and the magicians nailed coffin, while Amandas are the yellow dress and her membership to the Daughters of the American Revolution and some of Lauras are the unicorn and blue roses. Tennessee Williams play has a simple face but the meanings behind the countless and increasingly complex symbols make the play enjoyable the tenth time read. Through the narrator, Tom, we are giving a glimpse into Tennessee Williams life as his autobiographical character survives the depression era in St. Louis. I shall explain some of the more obvious symbols and deeper meanings to the key points of this play. We will write a custom essay on The Glassmenagerie 1st Draft specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Survival is a great word does use when describing both Tom and Laura. As critic Eric P. Levy puts it, he Tom inhibits a world of his own Lauras escape is the glass menagerieboth persons are prisoners of the mirror. These two have made a world of loneliness to themselves. The mirror Levy speaks of is a mirror of judgment that love creates. This dysfunctional love is the product of the manipulative Amanda, their mother. In this way he is strongly linked to his sister. Jim and her mother abuse her inferiority complex. They use her as a mirror to see their won self-defined worth. Jim uses her when he starts chatting about Lauras confidence. Instead of speaking strictly of her, he uses the opportunity to glance at himself in the mirror and say everybody excels at something. Some in many! He then continues try straighten his tie and comment I guess you think I think a lot of myself. His actions are purely self-motivated. Lauras mother uses her as a link to the past and her own current narc issism. She uses her daughter in the same way. She makes her self-the standard with such remarks as seventeen! gentlemen callers, and since Laura cannot fulfill those expectations, she is crippled. Even her appearance is subject to Amandas standard when Jim arrives. When Amanda compliments her daughter, she uses the opportunity to give herself a bigger compliment mirroring Jims actions. Next is the our narrator, Tom. Their apartment is Toms nailed coffin. He yearns to be free of this love, the mirror, and for adventure such as the Merchant Marines. Tom has a need for companionship like every other human being, but his need for loneliness is greater. Tom and his sibling share this. His mother says Go to the movies, go! Dont think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister whos crippled and has no job! Dont let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure!. This is his mother using the mirror against him. Tom is a grown man who pays the rent of their dwelling. Although Tom shou ld hold some power in the household he is constantly being held in check by being made to feel guilty. Eric P. Levy notes that Toms smashing of the glass after his mothers declaration is symbolic of Toms mirror and his urge to smash it. Not only is this symbolic of his mirror, but it is another link to his sister when her glass menagerie breaks. Tom and Laura are nailed into dysfunctional love with their mother. Toms smashing of his mirror and them leaving foreshadows Lauras possible future leaving when her mirror breaks. A similar episode occurs in scene four when Amanda tempts Tom to join the Merchant Marines by crying out then leave, good-bye! And me with the bag to hold. This way of thinking comes from her experience with abandonment form her husband. Amandas manipulation and narcissism is in part fueled by a stockpile of insecurity. .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .postImageUrl , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:hover , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:visited , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:active { border:0!important; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:active , .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5 .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u165887bc0df45b7b6f535fd4c386c2d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Photosynthesis EssayFinally, Amanda is a woman who feels the most secure when she is in her own world of skewed history. The likelihood of one woman having 17 gentlemen callers in such a short period of time is very likely to be exaggerated. She uses these old stories to comfort and convince herself that she deserved more than a drunkard. As she puts it, I could have been Mrs. Duncan J. Fitzhugh, but mind you!

Free Essays on Regz

Stress is a huge problem for me in my time of life. Stress occurs when we adapt or adjust to the environment, mentally or physically. Every day there’s something new that’s stressful. My car will break, tests coming up, all at once of course. All of a sudden they’ll be a problem between me and one of my girl friends. Then to top it off, and it’s not even anything hard or so aggravating, my mom would ask me to do something for her after my hard day and school and work, and then I just flip out. There’s many ways to release stress though. We’ve learned in class about taking the yoga breaths and relaxing exercises. They probably work even though I’ve yet to really try them, or at least I haven’t tried to do it on purpose. Stress can be easily dealt with though by planning ahead so when the problem arrives, you won’t have a million to deal with at once. Everyone has stress, you experience every day. The best way to cope is to just relax once in a while and try to not think of all the worries in your life. What’s the point of living if your not actually living because your worried about everything.... Free Essays on Regz Free Essays on Regz Stress is a huge problem for me in my time of life. Stress occurs when we adapt or adjust to the environment, mentally or physically. Every day there’s something new that’s stressful. My car will break, tests coming up, all at once of course. All of a sudden they’ll be a problem between me and one of my girl friends. Then to top it off, and it’s not even anything hard or so aggravating, my mom would ask me to do something for her after my hard day and school and work, and then I just flip out. There’s many ways to release stress though. We’ve learned in class about taking the yoga breaths and relaxing exercises. They probably work even though I’ve yet to really try them, or at least I haven’t tried to do it on purpose. Stress can be easily dealt with though by planning ahead so when the problem arrives, you won’t have a million to deal with at once. Everyone has stress, you experience every day. The best way to cope is to just relax once in a while and try to not think of all the worries in your life. What’s the point of living if your not actually living because your worried about everything....

Locating Historical U.S. Deeds Online

Locating Historical U.S. Deeds Online The Bureau of Land Managements General Land Office records are a great online resource for U.S. genealogists researching homestead records, bounty land grants, and other records for ancestors who purchased or received land in the thirty federal or public land states. In the eastern United States, many state archives have made available at least a portion of original grants and patents online. These online land records are all wonderful resources, however they generally only provide information on first owners or purchasers of the land. The bulk of American land records are found in the form of deeds, or private land/property transfers between individuals and corporations (non-governments). The vast majority of deeds in the United States are recorded and maintained by the county, parish (Louisiana), or district (Alaska). In the New England states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont, deeds are recorded at the town level. Due primarily to increased interest by title searchers for online access, as well as to help cut access/personnel costs in the future, many U.S. counties, especially in the eastern part of the country, have started putting their historical deed records online. The best place to begin your search for online historical deed records is the website of the Register of Deeds, or Clerk of Court, or whoever is in charge of recording deeds and other real estate records for your county/locality of interest. Salem, Massachusetts historic deed books 1-20 (1641-1709), for example, are available online from the Essex County Registry of Deeds. Thirty Pennsylvania counties have deeds available online (several going back to the time of county formation) through a system called Landex (fee for access). There are also other online sources for historical deed records, such as state archives and local historical societies. The Maryland State Archives is especially notable for its cooperative project to provide access to deeds and other land record instruments from across the state. Check out MDLandRec.net with searchable indexes and viewable volumes from Maryland counties dating back to the 1600s. The Georgia Virtual Vault, hosted by the Georgia State Archives, includes Chatham County, Georgia Deed Books 1785-1806. How to Find Historical Deeds Online Locate and browse the website of the local office in charge of recording property deeds. This might be the Register of Deeds, Recorder, Auditor, or County Clerk, depending on the particular locality. You can often locate these offices through a Google search ([county name] state deeds, or by going directly to the county government site and then drilling down to the appropriate department. If the county uses a third-party service to provide online access to historical deeds, they will generally include access information on the home page of the Register of Deeds. Explore FamilySearch. Search the user-supported FamilySearch Research Wiki for your locality of interest, preferably the government level at which deeds are recorded, to learn what deeds might be available and whether they may be available either online or on microfilm from FamilySearch. The FamilySearch Research Wiki often includes links to external resources with online records as well, and may include details on any poten tial loss of deed records due to fire, flood, etc. If FamilySearch has deed or other land records for your locality online, you can find this by browsing FamilySearch Historical Records. The Family History Library Catalog (browse this by location as well) includes information on any microfilmed deed records, and may link to the record set online at FamilySearch, if it has also been digitized. Investigate the holdings of state archives, local historical society and other historical repositories. In some areas, the state archives or other historical records repository hold either the originals or copies of older deed records, and some have placed these online. U.S. State Archives Online includes links to each U.S. State Archives website, along with information on digitized online records. Or try a Google search such as locality name historical deeds. Look for state-level finding aids. A Google search such as digital deeds [state name] or historical deeds [state name] may turn up helpful finding aids such as this collection on North Carolina Digital Records, which brings together information and links for each North Carolina county deeds office, including dates and coverage for available online digital deed records. Tips for Researching Historical Deeds Online Once you locate a deeds collection of interest, explore it thoroughly to be sure the actual records available match the stated description. County record offices are putting digitized deeds online so fast that the available online documents sometimes exceed the text description. For example, the online Document Retrieval System for Martin County, North Carolina, states that it includes Old Deed Books U (08/26/1866) thru XXXXX, however, if you manually enter the book and page numbers from the older books in the search box, you will find that the digitized deed books available online actually go back to 1774, the date of county formation. Understand what you are looking at before you give up. Researchers new to Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, research might move on after entering their ancestors name in the search box for Historical Deeds 1792–1857 and receiving no results. What they might not realize, however, is that this database, despite its misleading name, is a collection of documents recorded in deed books that described people who were involved in the slave trade in the early days of Allegheny County, and does not include all deeds recorded between 1792 and 1857. Take advantage of current property records, tax maps and plat maps. Edgecombe County, North Carolina, has their historical deed indexes online, but the actual deed books are available online only back to September 1973. However, in some cases the deeds of current property owners include information on previous owners going back several generations, including deed book and page references. This type of online research can be especially helpful when platting historical deeds or conducting other types of historical neighborhood reconstruction. The Edgecombe County GIS Maps database, for example, lets you select parcel locations on a map and view information on the neighbors, along with digital copies of the most recent deed record for that parcel.

Establish brief and effective business communication routines Essay - 1

Establish brief and effective business communication routines - Essay Example This paper will review some of the most effective business communication routines and how they help organizations to grow. The main purpose of a communication routine is to enable any organization better itself. This is in all the aspects the organization is involved in. They could be financial, social or even economical. In the event that there are no communication routines, there is bound to be confusion in that organization (Huseman, Lahiff & Penrose, 1991). Managers should oversee the running of the organization’s activities to ensure the smooth flow of operations. This includes overseeing the writing of communicated messages to the subordinates. One of the most effective communication routines is the function it plays. This may include who the message is addressing, what is being documented and how it should be done. In the event it does not seek to address these issues, then the whole point of having a business communication ceases to exist. It is very important that this routine be followed seriously (Bonnye, Sarow & Stuart, 2007). The stake it bears on the growth and continuity of any business organization is very high. Another communication routine would be the type or kind of message drafted. These could be for the subordinates in the organization, the customers or even the support staff. This is just so that the intention is gotten through precisely; an organization should have the mandate to inform the people it is concerned with of the nature of its business (Bonnye, Sarow & Stuart, 2007). This is to prevent any surprises if anything should come up. Officials holding big spots in an organization are responsible for the goings on in an organization. They are supposed to organize and ensure the junior officials do as required. Slackness from either party could result in very dire consequences for the organization. Also, what is included in these messages could

Yahoo Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Yahoo Inc - Essay Example It stands in the category of Google.com and You tube as the other two websites that attract more number of customers and attraction. With its headquarter placed in Sunnyvale, California the company has its market spread across a total of twenty five countries where it has its outlets expanded across the world in multiple continents namely Europe, Asia and America itself. What started off as a hobby of the two PHD students has turned into an enterprise and global entity in the era of a fierce competitive digital world where all the major businesses are subject to online activities and resources functions. Objectives of the paper: The paper looks into the early days of Yahoo Inc in the brief background section, followed by the overall structure of the company, its working, its scope and domain of operations, the financial standings, the recent hurdles faced, the internal state of the company, the reason for the changing of three top management officers in no time, along with the declin e trends in the financial sector. A major part of the paper entails a SWOT analysis of Yahoo Inc, that would allow understanding the overall standing and potential future prospects in a better way. Products and services: Few of the services provided by Yahoo Inc are its search engine, Yahoo mailing service that attracts billions of clients from across the world, Yahoo finance that gives an insight into the financial aspects. Other notable features and functions of Yahoo Inc include the Horoscope service, Yahoo Answers and numerous other similarly associated services. Yahoo’s website is amongst the very few world’s websites that attract over a hundred million online customers and users onto its website on daily basis. As the company would proclaim in its recently released annual report of revenue a grand of around 700 million people are associated with the Yahoo Inc services in one way or the other from all parts of the world. The services so provided are in more than 3 0 languages and across 30 nations. Mission Statement: â€Å"The mission statement entails the aim of becoming the world’s online industry’s most reliable and integral business and service provider†. This mission statement is enacted in due regard of the customers as well as the business partners and aims at keeping up with both. The company is not just a service provider rather it enjoys a repute and name in terms of the partnership with the various notables of the business industry from the same field. Other business terms and agendas include the core value definition. The core value of the company is defined in terms of the achievement of excellence and top notch performance. It aims at providing the best services around. With little need for recall and replacement of the items, products and services provided by the company. Other focuses and objectives of the company include the enactment of team work and extending the partnership with the investors. Creating products and opportunities for the workers to work on new and innovative grounds makes up for the policy in terms of innovation and creation of new ideas. Customer fixation, customers trust and reliable services delivery makes up for the overall outer strategy of the company based on the true spirit of the company’s manifesto and working agenda. Brief History: Yahoo Inc came into existence in the mid 1990s when the usage and spread of internet was on the boom and people formally started using internet for commercial and personal reasons. The yahoo search engine is amongst the first few search engines that were operational in the starting days of

How trade restrictions affect international trade Essay Example for Free

How trade restrictions affect international trade Essay How do international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions affect international trade and costs of production?International sanctions are set in place typically to protect countries involved in trade. There are many types of sanctions that have been in place for quite a while but the most common sanctions are used to stop terrorism, which is extremely important to even more so since September 11, 2001. Sanctions regarding trade restrictions on weapons, ammunition, and other materials used to make weapons or explosives are common among countries. When it comes to tariffs, it is a tax on imports imposed by the government to raise funds. There are also many types of tariffs, which are used by nearly every government in the world to exploit more money revenue for that government. In many cases a tariff is in place to protect an industry in that country. A Quota is a way to describe the checks and balance system for which a government or business determines its supply and demand quantity. Different international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions all can hamper international trade and may also increases the cost of production. How do tariffs and sanctions on the import of auto engines into the U.S. affect production and costs at Acme?Tariffs and sanctions ultimately would hinder Acme Motors on the import of auto engines and parts because the price of the production pieces would rise noticeably. At this current time United States benefits extremely from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), since the U.S. does not impose tariffs and hampering sanctions on trades with Canada and Mexico. As explained in the first paragraph, that if tariffs were implemented the prices of these products would greatly increase because of the government take on this revenue which would lead to higher prices the consumers would end up paying. So far it has shown to be beneficial for the United States and Acme Motors having the lack of sanctions and tariffs. Do you agree with trade restrictions? When do you think they are successful?My personal thoughts are that trade restrictions are very important and that I do agree with these restrictions. While third world countries do not benefit from these restrictions it is still used to limit terrorist trade capabilities, maintains economies that are already  established, and controls the flow of productions that look to monopolize one or many different forms of business. The United States is heading into a recession or may already be knee deep into one but if the U.S. did not impose trade restrictions on certain countries the very foundation in which this country was established would be swept right out from underneath our feet. Reference: Sawyer, W.C., Sprinkle, R.L. (2003). International Economics, Second Edition. 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Taylor, S. (2007, Feb 07). International Sanctions, Tariffs, Quotas, and Trade Restrictions. Retrieved on December 7, 2008, from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/132626/international_sanctions_tariffs_quotas.html?cat=3

media :: essays research papers

-Reaction Paper- Investigative Journalism Media funtions as a overseer when it use its power to expose wrong side of administrative associations. This media’s â€Å"watchdog† feature show itself with investigative journalism. Investigative Journalism has positive and negative effects above all state and private instituons. We have to look at these different aspects. Investigative journalism’s biggest positive effects is to push people work correctly and honestly who work in different instituons. Nobody wants to fall into a trap who composed by a investigative journalists and its hidden camera. Now this hidden cameras mostly using for exposing the misuse of authority or health scandals. Investigative journalism start to function as a survelliance in community in course of time. This type of journalism provides people to work right and prevents them to abuse community or the state. Investigative journalism ensure that justice is done. However there is a problem. Is investigative journalist in a right place to investigate? or does this journalists regards his self-benefits? This compose of the negative sides of the issue. When we look at media bosses in Turkey. There are portraits of people who has different kinds of corporations in industry and market. And we can’t expect that they expose their rotten sides of their corporations. Because this againsts to their self-benefits. They naturally don’t want to lose prestige and profit. So there can be a lot of wrong things which is concealed because of this media bosses self-interests. Another thing about investigative journalism is the hidden camera. This harms people’s personal rights and honours. Sometimes people who is suspicious pulled to trap by a journalist. And this is not suitable for the principles of journalism. Also hidden camera sometimes enters to private places such as houses of people. Exposing them without permission in their private place is not ethical for my opinion. In addition to this, investigative journalism generally exposes small companies which composed with small amount of money and worker. After exposing them, they can’t recover themselves and put an end their business life in the market.

July at the Multiplex Essay

The purpose of this report is to inform Mr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium of theaters about the recommended actions to take against moviegoer Tommy. The options include proceeding with the litigation or negotiating a settlement that will be dealt with privately. The litigation against the Royal Theater is made by Tommy, a customer who claimed to have received a poor experience at the theater. In the following report, we used legal, statistical, and ethical reasoning. Legal: After analyzing both parties’ facts, there is a lack of fraudulent misrepresentation to follow suit. Therefore, Tommy has a weak standing. Statistical: 94% of surveyed moviegoers were not fazed by the commercials screened before the featured film. Ethical: The litigation by Tommy was propelled by the lack of quality customer service on Royal Theater’s behalf. This case does not need to proceed and can be resolved by making small adjustments to Royal Theater’s policies. Based on these analyses, we advise Mr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium to negotiate a private settlement. In order to prevent this from occurring again, we have also suggested our recommendations on adjustments to Royal Theater’s ticket stubs and refund policy. Introduction Mr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium of theaters around the area have hired our consulting team to analyze and break down the litigation against the Royal Theater made by Tommy. Tommy is suing the Royal Theater on charges of fraudulent misrepresentation and the consortium of theaters is very well concerned with the possibility of a class action lawsuit that could prevail from this case. Tommy’s lawsuit is based on his experience at the Royal Theater during the screening of movie â€Å"The Governator.† After a displeasing chain of events, Tommy demanded a full refund in which Royal Theater refused. Mr. Plex and the consortium of theaters have asked us to assess the  situation and to authenticate whether or not Tommy’s case will prevail in court. We have put together a thorough report containing evidence that Tommy’s case against the Royal Theater is very unlikely to be triumphant in court, survey results and recommendations which will not only help the Roy al Theater, but also the consortium of theaters to abstain from future allegations such as the ones made by Tommy. Facts 1. Representation of facts Tommy: Royal theaters informed Tommy that the movie begun at 1:00 PM. Tommy not only saw it on a newspaper advertisement but also confirmed it with the clerk. It was also the dimming of the light at 1:00 PM that led Tommy to believe that the showing was about to begin. 2. Representation was false Tommy: Tommy was lead to believe that the movie was to start at 1:00 PM, not the commercials. Since the commercials were 20 minutes long, the movie technically started at 1:20 PM and should have been represented like that. 3. Misrepresentation Tommy: Tommy is not a regular moviegoer; having some free time gave him the opportunity to enjoy a movie. Following a misrepresented time line left Tommy in a fraudulent misrepresentation of an untrue statement. Royal Theaters shouldn’t assume that just because other theaters show commercials that they shouldn’t disclose the knowledge of the movies true start time. Royal Theater: Royal Theater did not lie to Tommy. The viewing did start at 1:00 PM. The commercials are part of the experience of watching a movie and have been for a while not only at that theater but many others. The dimming of the lights is an indication that the audience should grab their seat so they won’t disturb the audience if they walk in a couple minutes late from the actual movie. 4. Intention the Plaintiff Should Rely Upon Tommy: Tommy saw an ad that was intentionally placed for movie goers by Royal Theaters. Relying on the information provided, Tommy rushed to make it on time to the movie that was said to start at 1:00 PM. What Tommy didn’t know was that Royal Theaters intentionally doesn’t inform people that the commercials start at 1:00 PM and lasts about 20 minutes. Dimming the lights  at 1:00 PM also seem to have prompted Tommy into coming early so he wouldn’t struggle to find a seat, forcing him to watch the commercials. Royal Theater: Royal Theaters is aware that not everyone is punctual. This commercial time allows people to not run around frantically looking for seats. Instead, it allows people to use the restroom facilities, grab any snacks and drinks from the concession stand, and return to the screening to avoid missing the movie. 5. The Plaintiff Reasonably Did So Rely Tommy relied on the continuous notion provided by the theater that the movie starts at 1:00 PM. Taking initiative to double check the times left Tommy no other choice but to trust and rely on the theaters ad and employees. 6. Damages Tommy: Being emotionally and financially damaged, Tommy is suing Mr. Mull T. Plex for the money spent on the ticket, concession stand, gas and mileage, and his time that was wasted. Royal Theater: Tommy did not suffer any severe damages. Driving to the destination is a choice that all moviegoers make on their own. Whether or not they would like to enjoy snacks and a drink is their decision to make and he had no complaints about that. The movie that was being played at the theater was an anticipated one that most people seem to have enjoyed. Survey Results We conducted a random survey consisting of a sample size of 100 moviegoers. They were asked if they were disturbed by the commercials and only 6% of the sample were disturbed by the commercials. Another random survey was conducted and 300 people were asked if the commercials were a disturbance. The result was 6% of the sample were disturbed. This shows that the showing of the commercials before the movie didn’t disturb many moviegoers. Please refer to the attached appendix for the full analytics. Recommendation The litigation made against Royal Theater heavily revolves around customer service. In order to improve customer service it is advised that all employees answer correctly in accordance to show times. Employees should inform customers the time the lights dim and the time the actual film  begins. In addition, a refund policy should be implicated. If the customer isn’t satisfied with the movie within the first 30 minutes, they reserve the right to a full refund. Movie ticket stubs should indicate what time the actual film begins to avoid future confusion with movie patrons. To ensure that Tommy is satisfied, the Royal Theater should issue a private apology. We also recommend that Tommy be gifted a pair of movie tickets and vouchers for the concession stand. A public announcement should be published in the local newspaper informing future moviegoers that there are 20 minutes of commercials before any movie. Conclusion Using legal, statistical and ethical reasoning, we found that Tommy’s case is minor and should not reach the courtroom. The issue roots from Tommy’s opinion on the Royal Theater’s customer service and commercial policy. Tommy’s reasoning does not hold legal value, therefore would not make it to a court room. Only 1% of moviegoers felt bothered by commercials before their anticipated screening. The consortium shouldn’t adopt drastic changes, as our survey results displayed that there weren’t many movie patrons disappointed that their film started twenty minutes late due to commercials. By issuing a private apology, Tommy would feel appreciated as a customer. We feel that by applying minor changes, movie patrons will continue to frequent Royal Theaters and leave happy with their experience.

Attitudes Towards Death in “The Lottery” and Death Knocks

Attitudes Towards Death in â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks are two stories that mainly deal with death. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds a lottery every year where the winner of the lottery is stoned to death by the rest of the town. In Death Knocks, death visits a man named Nat and tells him it is hit time to go. Nat plays death in a game of gin rummy where he wins so death has to give him another day to live.The attitudes towards death in these two stories are mainly quite different, however there are a few things that are similar. Death Knocks has a more realistic view of death because in â€Å"The Lottery† the towns people act as if being picked to die for no reason is not a big deal. Death Knocks and â€Å"The Lottery† have very different attitudes towards death. In Death Knocks, when Nat is told that he is going to die he says that he is not ready. Nat implies that he is not ready to d ie.In â€Å"The Lottery† the whole town acts as though being chosen to die is just another part of their everyday lives. The townspeople act as if the lottery is not a big deal. They all talk to each other and act calmly, then when the winner is picked they carry on with the stoning without hesitating. In Death Knocks Nat states that he has a wife and he wants to talk to her. In â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson does not hesitate at all to point out that his wife is the one that won the lottery. This shows that the attitude towards death of spouses is completely different.In Death Knocks Nat cares about his spouse but in â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson acts as if his wife dying is no big deal. There aren't very many similarities in these two stories but if looked at closely one small similarity can be found. When Nat is told he is going to die he says he is not ready. In â€Å"The Lottery† it seems as though everyone is okay with dying. However when i t comes down to it and Mrs. Hutchinson is about to be stoned she says â€Å"it isn't fair†. This shows that deep down she really does want to live.Just like Nat in Death Knocks. Both â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks have very different attitudes towards death but Death Knocks is a more realistic attitude. In â€Å"The Lottery† the town deals with death almost as if it is a game. For no reason someone is picked to be killed. In Death Knocks Nat does not want to die, right from the very beginning of the story. In today's society there is no way that people being killed for no reason would ever be tolerated or accepted. This is why Death Knocks has a more realistic attitude towards death.

Chemistry Experiments With Pennies

Chemistry Experiments With Pennies Use pennies, nails, and a few simple household ingredients to explore some of the properties of metals: Materials Needed 20-30 dull pennies1/4 cup white vinegar (dilute acetic acid)1 teaspoon salt (NaCl)1 shallow, clear glass or plastic bowl (not metal)1-2 clean steel screws or nailswatermeasuring spoonspaper towels Shiny Clean Pennies Pour the salt and vinegar into the bowl.Stir until the salt dissolves.Dip a penny halfway into the liquid and hold it there for 10-20 seconds. Remove the penny from the liquid. What do you see?Dump the rest of the pennies into the liquid. The cleaning action will be visible for several seconds. Leave the pennies in the liquid for 5 minutes.Proceed to Instant Verdigris! Pennies get dull over time because the copper in the pennies slowly reacts with air to form copper oxide. Pure copper metal is bright and shiny, but the oxide is dull and greenish. When you place the pennies in the salt and vinegar solution, the acetic acid from the vinegar dissolves the copper oxide, leaving behind shiny clean pennies. The copper from the copper oxide stays in the liquid. You could use other acids instead of vinegar, like lemon juice. Instant Verdigris! Note: You want to keep the liquid you used to clean the pennies, so dont dump it down the drain!After the 5 minutes required for Shiny Clean Pennies, take half of the pennies out of the liquid and place them on a paper towel to dry.Remove the rest of the pennies and rinse them well under running water. Place these pennies on a second paper towel to dry.Allow about an hour to pass and take a look at the pennies you have placed on the paper towels. Write labels on your paper towels so you will know which towel has the rinsed pennies.While you are waiting for the pennies to do their thing on the paper towels, use the salt and vinegar solution to make Copper Plated Nails. Rinsing the pennies with water stops the reaction between the salt/vinegar and the pennies. They will slowly turn dull again over time, but not quickly enough for you to watch! On the other hand, the salt/vinegar residue on the unrinsed pennies promotes a reaction between the copper and the oxygen in the air. The resulting blue-green copper oxide is commonly called verdigris. It is a type of patina found on a metal, similar to tarnish on silver. The oxide forms in nature as well, producing minerals such as malachite and azurite. Copper Plated Nails Place a nail or screw so that it is half in and half out of the solution you used to clean the pennies. If you have a second nail/screw, you can let it sit completely immersed in the solution.Do you see bubbles rising from the nail or the threads of the screw?Allow 10 minutes to pass and then take a look at the nail/screw. Is it two different colors? If not, return the nail to its position and check it again after an hour. The copper that coats the nail/screw comes from the pennies. However, it exists in the salt/vinegar solution as positively charged copper ions as opposed to neutral copper metal. Nails and screws are made of steel, an alloy primarily composed of iron. The salt/vinegar solution dissolves some of the iron and its oxides on the surface of the nail, leaving a negative charge on the surface of the nail. Opposite charges attract, but the copper ions are more strongly attracted to the nail than the iron ions, so a copper coating forms on the nail. At the same time, the reactions involving the hydrogen ions from the acid and the metal/oxides produce some hydrogen gas, which bubbles up from the site of the reaction - the surface of the nail or screw. Design Your Own Experiments with Pennies Explore chemistry using pennies and ingredients from your kitchen. Household chemicals that can clean or discolor your pennies include baking soda, vinegar, ketchup, salsa, pickle juice, detergent, soap, fruit juice... the possibilities are limited only by your imagination. Make a prediction about what you think will happen and then see if your hypothesis is supported.

Supermarine Spitfire in World War II

Supermarine Spitfire in World War II The iconic fighter of the Royal Air Force in World War II, the British Supermarine Spitfire saw action in all theaters of the war. First introduced in 1938, it was continually refined and improved through the course of the conflict with over 20,000 built. Best known for its elliptical wing design and role during the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire was beloved by its pilots and became a symbol of the RAF. Also used by British Commonwealth nations, the Spitfire remained in service with some countries into the early 1960s. Design The brainchild of Supermarines chief designer, Reginald J. Mitchell, the Spitfires design evolved during the 1930s. Utilizing his background in creating high-speed racing aircraft, Mitchell worked to combine a sleek, aerodynamic airframe with the new Rolls-Royce PV-12 Merlin engine. In order to meet the Air Ministrys requirement that the new aircraft carry eight .303 cal. machine guns, Mitchell chose to incorporate a large, elliptical wing form into the design. Mitchell lived just long enough to see the prototype fly before dying of cancer in 1937. Further development of the aircraft was led by Joe Smith. Production Following trials in 1936, the Air Ministry placed an initial order for 310 aircraft. To meet the governments needs, Supermarine built a new plant at Castle Bromwich, near Birmingham, to produce the aircraft. With war on the horizon, the new factory was built quickly and it began production two months after the ground breaking. Assembly time for the Spitfire tended to be high relative to other fighters of the day due to the stressed-skin construction and the complexity of building the elliptical wing. From the time assembly began to the end of World War II, over 20,300 Spitfires were constructed. Evolution Through the course of the war, the Spitfire was repeatedly upgraded and altered to ensure that it remained an effective frontline fighter. Supermarine produced a total of 24 marks (versions) of the aircraft, with major changes including the introduction of the Griffon engine and varying wing designs. While originally carrying eight .303 cal. machine guns, it was found that a mixture of .303 cal. guns and 20mm cannon was more effective. To accommodate this, Supermarine designed the B and C wings which could carry 4 .303 guns and 2 20mm cannon. The most produced variant was the Mk. V which had 6,479 built. Specifications - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. Vb General Crew: 1Length: 29 ft. 11 in.Wingspan: 36 ft. 10 in.Height: 11 ft. 5 in.Wing Area: 242.1 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 5,090 lbs.Max Takeoff Weight: 6,770 lbs.Power Plant: 1 x Rolls-Royce Merlin 45 Supercharged V12 engine, 1,470 hp at 9,250 ft. Performance Maximum Speed: 330 knots (378 mph)Combat Radius: 470 milesService Ceiling: 35,000 ft.Rate of Climb: 2,665 ft/min. Armament 2 x 20mm Hispano Mk. II cannon4 .303 cal. Browning machine guns2x 240 lb. bombs Early Service The Spitfire entered service with 19 Squadron on August 4, 1938. Successive squadrons were equipped with the aircraft over the following year. With the beginning of World War II on September 1, 1939, the aircraft commenced combat operations. Five days later, Spitfires were involved in a friendly fire incident, dubbed the Battle of Barking Creek, which resulted in the first RAF pilot death of the war. The type first engaged the Germans on October 16 when nine Junkers Ju 88s attempted to attack the cruisers HMS Southampton and HMS Edinburgh in the Firth of Forth. In 1940, Spitfires took part in the fighting in the Netherlands and France. During the latter battle, they aided in covering beaches during the evacuation of Dunkirk.   Battle of Britain Spitfire Mk. I and Mk. II variants aided in turning back the Germans during the Battle of Britain in the summer and fall of 1940. While less numerous than the Hawker Hurricane, Spitfires matched up better against the principal German fighter, the Messerschmitt Bf 109. As a result, Spitfire-equipped squadrons were frequently assigned to defeating the German fighters, while the Hurricanes attacked the bombers. In early 1941, the Mk. V was introduced, providing pilots with a more formidable aircraft. The advantages of the Mk. V were quickly erased later that year with the arrival of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Service Home Abroad Beginning in 1942, Spitfires were sent to RAF and Commonwealth squadrons operating abroad. Flying in the Mediterranean, Burma-India, and in the Pacific, the Spitfire continued to make its mark. At home, squadrons provided fighter escort for American bombing attacks on Germany. Due to their short range, they were only able to provide cover into northwest France and the Channel. As a result, escort duties were turned over to American P-47 Thunderbolts, P-38 Lightnings, and P-51 Mustangs as they became available. With the invasion of France in June 1944, Spitfire squadrons were moved across the Channel to aid in obtaining air superiority. Late War After Flying from fields close to the lines, RAF Spitfires worked in conjunction with other Allied air forces to sweep the German Luftwaffe from the sky. As fewer German aircraft were seen, they also provided ground support and sought out targets of opportunity in the German rear. In the years following the war, Spitfires continued to see action during the Greek Civil War and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In the latter conflict, the aircraft was flown by both the Israelis and Egyptians. A popular fighter, some nations continued to fly the Spitfire into the 1960s. Supermarine Seafire Adapted for naval use under the name Seafire, the aircraft saw the majority of its service in the Pacific and Far East. Ill-suited for deck operations, the aircrafts performance also suffered due to the additional equipment required for landing at sea. After improvement, the Mk. II and Mk. III proved superior to the Japanese A6M Zero. Though not as durable or as powerful as the American F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair, the Seafire acquitted itself well against the enemy, particularly in defeating kamikaze attacks late in the war.

U08d1 Patient Consent and Health Care Ethics Essay

U08d1 Patient Consent and Health Care Ethics - Essay Example h care industry it is necessary for the patients to provide consent for the medication unless the patient is in a life threatening emergency (Pozgar, 2007). In such cases the doctors are allowed to take the decision and to conduct the best possible treatment for the patient to help remove the patient from any situation threatening the life. There are also other situations where the patients cannot provide the doctors with consent and these include situations like being a minor and or being incapable of making appropriate decisions for self. There are several laws that allow the health care providers to rightfully and legally refuse to provide treatment to an individual. One of the most common refusals that doctors tend to make is that of abortion services. By law the doctors have a right to refuse an abortion procedure and even in some cases the use of contraceptives. There has also been a clause that has been passed by the government to the Federal Refusal Clause where the state, local as well as federal government may or may not provide for abortion services (Pozgar, 2007). The creation of such a law allows the doctors to take ethical decisions and does not lead to the doctors or medical care providers to be faced with a confusion of ethics versus responsibilities. There are a number of cases where the option of abortion or use of contraceptives can lead to disastrous results where it could also lead to the loss of life of the women or permanent infertility. These might be an issue of ethics for the doctors. The rights of the individuals do not get affected here as the decision of not providing treatment is based on the law (Pozgar, 2007). If a doctor does not provide a certain treatment, it is simply because it could have severe repercussions and could also lead to the loss of life of the patient. By law an individual is not allowed to take any steps that can cause harm or be a treat for their life and any such attempt can prove to be faced with a sentence.

Open Innovation in Managing Innovation in the Service Sectors Essay

Open Innovation in Managing Innovation in the Service Sectors - Essay Example The competitors or the rivals who want to win over the competition and succeed in the market gathers considerable resources creating their own powerhouses and make considerable advancement. However, the scenarios are different now and newcomers face enough competition for entering the market. Thus, they often do not conduct enough research and commits a mistake in adopting new ideas. Open innovation is an opportunity to them in which the companies can commercialize both their innovations as well as their own ideas from other firms and from within their own firms to the market using channels that provide pathways out of their current business. This report focuses on the use of open innovation in the services sector. The significance of open innovation in service sector Open innovation has taken a significant place in the world of business and competition. Today more than hundreds of companies are seen to have executives who are assigned the title Manager of Open Innovation. There is a lso the dozen of software companies and their intermediaries who provide consultation regarding services or product open innovation. Open Innovation is suggested to provide businesses a more profitable way to innovate as it creates new revenue channels for the company, amplify differentiation in the market, reduces cost and accelerates the time for which the business operates in the market. The innovation in capabilities and its management is industry or sector specific and not specific to any firm. An innovation of intangible product and services are hard to measure. Therefore, it should be remembered that innovation related to the product is quite different from innovation in services. Services are intangible and the customers need to feel them. This makes it mandatory for the organization to place the customers to a most crucial position, access tacit knowledge regarding the requirements and the demands of the customers and finally innovate their services in ways that it caters t o their needs. For instance, innovation in the financial service sector has occupied an important place. Financial innovation is not only restricted to design, distribution, and development of financial services and product but also modifying and altering the role of the financial institution. Financial innovation is done address the issues of tax and regulations. Over the past few years, the banks that are an integral part of the financial sector have done some major innovations such as automated teller machine, credit cards, and internet banking. Internet banking has not only changed the consumer’s behavior but also the way they conduct their business. In case of the business and financial service sector technology has become the key driver of innovation. An important and crucial transition has come in this sector through the integration of data, data analysis and technology (Chesbrough, 2011; Open Innovation Community, 2013; Institute of Directors, 2013). The integration o f technology has brought changes in the innovation platform of the financial service sector such as the shift from the use of paper money to plastic money and mobile wallet.

CIS Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CIS Questions - Coursework Example Determine if they can be used simultaneously in a page. If so, explain which of the two takes precedence over the other. Javascript is utilized for one line and customization where CSS is utilized in multiple webpages to ensure that aesthetics of a page are consistent. Javascript is utilized more for web page validation and action whereas CSS is used for style and design. 12. Imagine that you designed a Website for a client using JavaScript to make animated snowflakes fall on the page. When you test the page, the animations do not work. Predict what the problem could be and propose a solution. 13. Analyze some of the limitations a Web designer should be aware of before adding JavaScript to a Website. Determine if these limitations outweigh the benefits of using JavaScript. Explain your decision. From the server or client side, the processing power can be a huge factor. Additionally, web pages with many scripts. It can take a long process to execute because of the algorithm that it must process. 14. From the second e-Activity, identify a company (bank, car wash, travel agency, nonprofit, restaurant, etc.). Keeping that company in mind, select the client-side or server-side scripting you would most likely use, and why. Or you can explain the client-side or server-side scripting you would not use, and why not. I used to take this course as a Business Analysis and specialized in e-marketing which allowed me to harness my growth in this realm. My future position will IT director in BA. The demand for Business Administration undoubtedly has boomed over the recent years along with marketing. It is one of the best scope in the commerce market for various reasons First and foremost, the specialization of marketing in BA is a perfect fit in e-commerce. I will be exposed to many realms of technology that exploits many channels of the business. In the modern century, internet marketing has become one

A View from the bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from the bridge Essay The play is set in the Red Hook district of New York where a Sicilian community has set up, and where respect is everything. The play is set in the 1940s, in the great depression.  Eddie Carbone is the main character of the play, and one of Arthur Millers main concerns with him is his psychological state of mind. The play concentrates from the first word to the last full stop on the way Eddie clashes with his emotions, as his niece, Catherine, matures into a young woman and constructs a serious relation ship with an illegal immigrant who is staying with them. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th, 1915, in New York. Both of his parents were immigrants, but the family was quiet wealthy because of his fathers successful clothing business, until it was declared bankrupt following the crash at the stock exchange.  Miller then went to work as a warehouseman to earn money to go to the university of Michigan in 1934.  Miller whilst studding, Economics and History also took a course in playwriting and then became his main fixation. After his graduation in 1938, he became a journalist and wrote radio scripts. During World war two Miller worked as a ship fitter for two years, in Brooklyn Navy Ship yard, where almost all the workers were of Italian descendant.  His first stage play to be produced, The Man Who Had All the Luck, was a total failure when it was staged on Broadway in 1944. But in 1947 All My sons was an immense success. This was followed by another great success two years later, Death of a Salesman, this play was such a success it won the Pulitzer Prize. In 1953 he wrote The Crucible, which he wrote as his reaction to the hounding down on left wing sympathizers, which was the current trend in the United States of America, he himself was summoned. A view from the bridge was his next play. It was first produced as a one-act play in 1955, but an extended and modified in 1956 and then was presented at the Comedy Theatre in London.  Also in 1956 he divorced his first wife and married his second wife Marilyn Monroe, which in turn boosted his celebrity status. But this marriage was short lived and a divorce was settled in 1961.  Miller has continued to produce a number of successful plays and has written an autobiography Timebends in 1987.  The play A View from the bridge was thought up by Arthur Miller in the late 1940s, when he became engrossed in the lives and work of longshoremen in New Yorks Brooklyn harbour, and where he had previously worked. A lawyer friend of Millers told him a story he had heard of a longshoreman who had informed the Immigration board on two of his own relatives who were staying with him, he did this to break up an engagement between one of them and his niece.  The story ended inevitably in tragedy with the mans death.  Eddie is portrayed as an honest, hardworking man, however soon into the play his character changes,  and from the very few lines of the play the main character Eddie is trying to protect his niece Catherine from other men and save her for himself:  Catherine: But those guys look at all the girls, you know that. Eddie: You aint all the girls.  This clearly shows that Catherine is very special to Eddie and he will do any thing to protect her.  The further on into the play you go the more it becomes apparent that Eddie is emotionally unstable and is not ready to deal with his inner emotions, he turns out quiet nasty and an overall angry person towards life:  I aint starting nothing, but I aint goanna stand around looking at that  This aggression is directed at his wife Beatrice and a relative named Rodolpho who at this time has started dating his beloved niece.  The further on in the play Eddie starts to show his anger in other ways, mainly by insulting and talking about Rodolpho behind his back:

Cloning Essay: Cloneco: Life is Our Business -- Argumentative Persuasi

Cloneco: Life is Our Business    On July 5, 1996, Scottish Scientists shocked the world by creating the first successful clone of a sheep.   With the dawn of this new biotechnology, people have begun to question the ethical ramifications of applying this technology to humans.   Many believe that cloning humans is morally wrong.   As a stockholder in Cloneco, I support their use of this scientific discovery.   However, my position to profit from the use of cloning is not the reason that I believe that there is nothing morally wrong with the practice of cloning.    Once Cloneco and other cloning research facilities have performed sufficient research on cloning, the practice of cloning will have many health benefits.   Currently, there are many genetic diseases for which there are no cures.   These include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease.   Cloning technology could be used to find cures for these genetic diseases in addition to other non-genetic health problems such as heart disease, liver and kidney failure, leukemia and cancer.  Ã‚      Opponents of cloning argue that the technology will be used for the pursuit of unethical goals.   They believe that some people will use cloning as a means of becoming immortal by repeatedly cloning themselves or that people would try to replace others with clones.   Despite the fact that it is impossible to create a clone with the same memories as the original, research has proven that it is impossible to make an exact replica of a person even if the replica is physically identical to the original.   This is because the environment in which he is brought up largely affects a person's development.&... ....   This means that they can make the most knowledgeable decisions based on the immense amount of information that they have gathered through research and experience.   In addition, all Cloneco employees from administrative assistants to scientists undergo a rigorous selection process in which background checks comparable to those used by the government's alphabet soup agencies are made to ensure that they will make moral decisions and will not pursue personal interests while working for Cloneco.      Cloning will usher in a new era in human history as the traditional form of procreation that has stood constant for eras changes.   However, it is important to remember that the purpose of cloning is to create humans, not duplicates.   It is Cloneco's mission to ensure that cloning technology is used responsibly.   Their business is life.

Entails personal statements

If ever I will be accepted in the program and will be able to finish it, immediately after I graduate I will apply for the position of Hospital Administrator. Eventually, I would want to become a CEO.The program will provide me appropriate knowledge to be able to play the role of a hospital administrator effectively. Managing healthcare institutions like hospitals, clinics, drug-abuse rehabilitation centers, as well as, overseeing of daily operations will become more convenient as I will be properly equipped with the much needed skills and understanding after going through with the program.I will be able to guarantee the competence of the healthcare institution where and attend to/focus on the adequacy of medical care made available to the patients. In addition to that, because of the program, I will be in a better position to give a hand or support the hospital staff especially those assigned to the medical department.Furthermore, with the training that I will undergo in the program , I will know better how to initiate the assimilation of board members, hospital staff, as well as, the chief of the different departments to function as one.For example, I will be able to sort out, instruct, manage, and bring together policies set by the board of trustees and eventually improve medical and health services provided by the healthcare institution that I will be running/heading.Also, I will also be able to conduct trainings or seminar-workshops for the staff including nurses, physicians, and other subordinates that I am supposed to employ or hire.In case, I will be working for a research hospital then because of the learning experience provided by the program, I will be able to improve programs that involve quality assurance, preventive medicine, medical treatments, etc.In the end, I will be more equipped to function as Chief Executive Officer and be able to properly manage a corporate position as such.Reference**No reference will be provided for this as this entails p ersonal statements.

Describe Your Impression Essay

Prior to working in government, I worked in the private sector. In comparison of the two cultures, I realize that politics exist in both cultures and it is a game that I really do not like to play. My impression of the two cultures leave a lot to be desired in the sense that I am one who is not afraid of hard work; I am always committed to the job. However, working in the private sector gave me a greater sense of satisfaction: I could prioritize my work and get things done; there was less bureaucracy. I could determine what was good for the organization, share it with my management who respected what I brought to the table and implement a cohesive strategy that would benefit the organization. Working in government you have to be prepared and committed to the policies that sometime prevent you from completing your job.(i.e. public interference and internal obstacles) in addition to working with people who do not share the same ideals as you. The government mentality of being a paper pusher was a concept that I fight with myself constantly about. My first few years in government, I went above and beyond what was expected of me because I did not like the feeling of being â€Å"unresponsive†. Working in government I now see what the mentality is all about. I as an individual am not a paper pusher; I am a results driven hard worker who wants to see the results of my hard work; however, being in government you do not control what gets accomplished by your work ethic’ you only control what is expected of you: meaning â€Å"I do what I am supposed to do† however what road the journey takes does not depend on me it depends on who is going to benefit from the fruits of my labor. The positive side of the two cultures: Private Sector gives you room to grow based on your commitment to work, There is less beauracy to deal with and most are working toward the same goal. In government, when you are given a task, the positive side is that you know it is for the good of the mass and you can envision the end result.

Continuous Probability Notes Essay

Continuous Probability Notes Essay Continuous Probability Notes Essay Chapter 6: Continuous Probability Distributions Study Modules (PPT presentations): Introduction to Continuous Probability Distributions Normal Probability Distribution Discrete Distributions Excel Tutorial: Computing Normal Probabilities Java Applet: Normal Distribution Areas Normal Approximation to Binomial Probabilities Continuous Random Variables: A continuous random variable can assume ____any value_______________ in an interval on the real line or in a collection of intervals. It is not possible to talk about the probability of the random variable assuming a __specific___________ (P(x=X)=0) value. Instead, we talk about the probability of the random variable assuming a value within a given _____interval_____________________. The probability of the random variable assuming a value within some given interval from x1 to x2 is defined to be the ___area under the graph_______ of the ___probability density function__ between x1 and x2. Three continuous Random Variables will be discussed in this chapter: Uniform Probability Distribution, Normal Probability Distribution, and Exponential Probability Distribution. I. Uniform Probability Distribution A random variable is uniformly distributed whenever the ____probability__________ is proportional to the interval’s length. The uniform probability ___________________________ is: where: a = smallest value the variable can assume b = largest value the variable can assume Expected Value of x: E(x) = ______________________________ Variance of x: Var(x) = ______________________________ Example: Slater’s Buffet: Slater customers are charged for the amount of salad they take. Sampling suggests that the amount of salad taken is uniformly distributed between 5 ounces and 15 ounces. Therefore: The amount salad customer taken is an uniform distributed random variable with density function: f(x) = 1/10, for 5 ≠¤ x ≠¤ 15 = 0, elsewhere Where: x= salad plate filling weight Expected Value of x: E(x) = (a+b)/2 = __ µ (mean)_________________ Variance of x: Var(x) = (b-a)2/12 = __ ÏÆ'_(standard deviation)______________ Area as a Measure of Probability: The area under the graph of f(x) and probability are identical. This is valid for all continuous random variables. The probability that x takes on a value between some lower value x1 and some higher value x2 can be found by computing the area under the graph of f(x) over the interval from x1 to x2. II. Normal Probability Distribution The normal probability distribution is the most important distribution for describing a continuous random variable. It is widely used in statistical inference. It has been used in a wide variety of applications including: Heights of people Test scores Rainfall amounts Scientific measurements Abraham de Moivre, a French mathematician, published The Doctrine of Chances in 1733. He derived the normal distribution. Standard Normal Probability Distribution: A random variable having a normal distribution with a mean of _____ and a standard deviation of ____ is said to have a standard normal probability distribution. Converting to the Standard Normal Distribution: z = ____ (X - ÃŽ ¼) / ÏÆ' ______________________________________ We can think of z as a measure of the number of standard deviations x is from  µ. Reference: Using Excel to Computer Standard Normal Probabilities (p.266) Example: Pep Zone Pep Zone sells auto parts and supplies including a popular multi-grade motor oil. When the stock of

Rid your Vocabulary of Business Slang!

Rid your Vocabulary of Business Slang! It’s a logical tendency to use business slang for workplace interactions- you’re seeing the same people and having the same meetings, so obvious clichà ©s creep in from time to time. Here are a bunch you should work to eliminate. â€Å"Drink the Kool-Aid†I’m guessing what you mean here is â€Å"convince† because even cults probably find this clichà © distasteful by this point.â€Å"Break down the silos†Are you a farmer trying to get your harvest consolidated? No? Find another metaphor.â€Å"It is what it is.†Gertrude Stein would say â€Å"There is no there there,† but this literally means nothing.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do more with less.†Double down on trite and add a dollop of vagueness for this one. Be specific! Be measurable! Be meaningful!â€Å"Tee it up.†Ah the sports metaphor. You’re not fooling anyone with that tiny putting green- this is work, not golf. Even â€Å"cue it up† is less contrived. Ditto: â⠂¬Å"Par for the course.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Take it offline.†Unless you’re having a conversation in an email you soon intend to continue   over the phone or in someone’s office (and remember to be precise about when), a meeting is not â€Å"online† so having a different meeting is not â€Å"offline†. Similarlyâ€Å"Let’s circle back†Ã‚  and â€Å"This is a hard stop†- say what you mean without resorting to dusty, imprecise phrases.â€Å"It’s a paradigm shift.†Do any of your employees know what a paradigm is? Are you really introducing a new model or pattern? If so, why not just introduce the new thing? This is a placeholder for a real idea.â€Å"We can’t boil the ocean.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.what? Why? Climate change concerns aside, how is this helpful? What insight is it meant to provoke?â€Å"Low-hanging fruit†If you were a customer, would you want to be visualized this way?  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Out of pocket†We pay for things out of our pockets because that’s where our wallets are. If what you mean is â€Å"out of office† or â€Å"unavailable†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦why wouldn’t you just say that?â€Å"Move the needle.†Are you a geologist? One who studies earthquakes?â€Å"Bite the bullet.†Think of retiring this one as your contribution to dismantling gun rhetoric in the United States. It refers to the practice of biting a bullet in lieu of having anesthesia during surgery. How is this something you want emulated in your workplace?â€Å"Run it up the flagpole.†Is it possible you mean â€Å"test† or â€Å"try out† or â€Å"send to a focus group? Would you actually learn anything from suspending your idea in the air? How many ways to wave are there, really?â€Å"On the cutting edge†I feel like The Sharper Image took this phrase down- even the newest most exciting technology isn’t really â€Å"on the cutting edge† anymore. "Think outside the box.†Yawn. Thinking inside the box would be more surprising than a corporate supervisor bringing this one out of mothballs.â€Å"Peel back the layers of the onion.†Maybe it’s getting close to lunch time, but either way swap this one out for â€Å"Take a closer look.† Delete â€Å"drill down,† â€Å"unpack,† and â€Å"double-click† from your repertoire too.â€Å"Synergize†This one makes me cringe because what you mean is â€Å"synthesize† with an overlay of technobabble.I’m making a separate category for phrases reality TV has murdered:â€Å"Don’t throw him/her under the bus.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Take it to the next level.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If/When push comes to shove.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m not here to make friends†(Okay, probably nobody says that last one at work but it’s my very favorite reality trope.)And lastly, the one I have the most personal investment in- stop using workplace â⠂¬Å"catchphrases† that have an offensive or appropriative meanings! My mom is one of two American Indian employees in her office, and still occasionally hears â€Å"Let’s pow-wow about this later† and â€Å"She really went off the rez.† You are having a meeting. A MEETING. You can tell because it’s in a conference room and not in a sacred ceremonial space accompanied by drumming and other traditional rituals. And as for â€Å"off the rez,†Ã‚   â€Å"going outside of expectations† is not the same as â€Å"escaping from the forced housing communities your people were driven to after years of exploitation and genocide,† if you really think about it.Also throw on this pile of outdated and offensive phrases, â€Å"indian giver,† â€Å"open the kimono,† â€Å"gypped,† â€Å"chink in the armor,† â€Å"peanut gallery.† If you don’t know why, look it up. Make your workplace communication meaningf ul.

Calculating the Mean Absolute Deviation

Calculating the Mean Absolute Deviation There are many measurements of spread or dispersion in statistics. Although the range and standard deviation are most commonly used, there are other ways to quantify dispersion.  We will look at how to calculate the mean absolute deviation for a data set.   Definition We begin with the definition of the mean absolute deviation, which is also referred to as the average absolute deviation. The formula displayed with this article is the formal definition of the mean absolute deviation. It may make more sense to consider this formula as a process, or series of steps, that we can use to obtain our statistic. We start with an average, or measurement of the center, of a data set, which we will denote by m.  Next, we find how much each of the data values deviates from m.  This means that we take the difference between each of the data values and m.  After this, we take the absolute value of each of the difference from the previous step. In other words, we drop any negative signs for any of the differences.  The reason for doing this is that there are positive and negative deviations from m.  If we do not figure out a way to eliminate the negative signs, all of the deviations will cancel one another out if we add them together.Now we add together all of these absolute values.Finally, we divide this sum by n, which is the total number of data values.  The result is the mean absolute deviation. Variations There are several variations for the above process.  Note that we did not specify exactly what m is. The reason for this is that we could use a variety of statistics for m.  Typically this is the center of our data set, and so any of the measurements of central tendency can be used. The most common statistical measurements of the center of a data set are the mean, median and the mode.  Thus any of these could be used as m in the calculation of the mean absolute deviation. This is why it is common to refer to the mean absolute deviation about the mean or the mean absolute deviation about the median. We will see several examples of this. Example:  Mean Absolute Deviation About the Mean Suppose that we start with the following data set: 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9. The mean of this data set is 5.  The following table will organize our work in calculating the mean absolute deviation about the mean.   Data Value Deviation from mean Absolute Value of Deviation 1 1 - 5 = -4 |-4| = 4 2 2 - 5 = -3 |-3| = 3 2 2 - 5 = -3 |-3| = 3 3 3 - 5 = -2 |-2| = 2 5 5 - 5 = 0 |0| = 0 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 9 9 - 5 = 4 |4| = 4 Total of Absolute Deviations: 24 We now divide this sum by 10, since there are a total of ten data values.  The mean absolute deviation about the mean is 24/10 2.4. Example:  Mean Absolute Deviation About the Mean Now we start with a different data set: 1, 1, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 10. Just like the previous data set, the mean of this data set is 5.   Data Value Deviation from mean Absolute Value of Deviation 1 1 - 5 = -4 |-4| = 4 1 1 - 5 = -4 |-4| = 4 4 4 - 5 = -1 |-1| = 1 5 5 - 5 = 0 |0| = 0 5 5 - 5 = 0 |0| = 0 5 5 - 5 = 0 |0| = 0 5 5 - 5 = 0 |0| = 0 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 7 7 - 5 = 2 |2| = 2 10 10 - 5 = 5 |5| = 5 Total of Absolute Deviations: 18 Thus the mean absolute deviation about the mean is 18/10 1.8.  We compare this result to the first example.  Although the mean was identical for each of these examples, the data in the first example was more spread out. We see from these two examples that the mean absolute deviation from the first example is greater than the mean absolute deviation from the second example. The greater the mean absolute deviation, the greater the dispersion of our data. Example:  Mean Absolute Deviation About the Median Start with the same data set as the first example: 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9. The median of the data set is 6.  In the following table,  we show the details of the calculation of the mean absolute deviation about the median. Data Value Deviation from median Absolute Value of Deviation 1 1 - 6 = -5 |-5| = 5 2 2 - 6 = -4 |-4| = 4 2 2 - 6 = -4 |-4| = 4 3 3 - 6 = -3 |-3| = 3 5 5 - 6 = -1 |-1| = 1 7 7 - 6 = 1 |1| = 1 7 7 - 6 = 1 |1| = 1 7 7 - 6 = 1 |1| = 1 7 7 - 6 = 1 |1| = 1 9 9 - 6 = 3 |3| = 3 Total of Absolute Deviations: 24 Again we divide the total by 10 and obtain a mean average deviation about the median as 24/10 2.4. Example:  Mean Absolute Deviation About the Median Start with the same data set as before: 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9. This time we find the mode of this data set to be 7.  In the following table,  we show the details of the calculation of the mean absolute deviation about the mode. Data Deviation from mode Absolute Value of Deviation 1 1 - 7 = -6 |-5| = 6 2 2 - 7 = -5 |-5| = 5 2 2 - 7 = -5 |-5| = 5 3 3 - 7 = -4 |-4| = 4 5 5 - 7 = -2 |-2| = 2 7 7 - 7 = 0 |0| = 0 7 7 - 7 = 0 |0| = 0 7 7 - 7 = 0 |0| = 0 7 7 - 7 = 0 |0| = 0 9 9 - 7 = 2 |2| = 2 Total of Absolute Deviations: 22 We divide the sum of the absolute deviations and see that we have a mean absolute deviation about the mode of 22/10 2.2. Fast Facts There are a few basic properties concerning mean absolute deviations The mean absolute deviation about the median is always less than or equal to the mean absolute deviation about the mean.The standard deviation is greater than or equal to the mean absolute deviation about the mean.The mean absolute deviation is sometimes abbreviated by MAD.  Unfortunately, this can be ambiguous as MAD may alternately refer to the median absolute deviation.The mean absolute deviation for a normal distribution is approximately 0.8 times the size of the standard deviation. Common Uses The mean absolute deviation has a few applications.  The first application is that this statistic may be used to teach some of the ideas behind the standard deviation. The mean absolute deviation about the mean is much easier to calculate than the standard deviation. It does not require us to square the deviations, and we do not need to find a square root at the end of our calculation. Furthermore, the mean absolute deviation is more intuitively connected to the spread of the data set than what the standard deviation is. This is why the mean absolute deviation is sometimes taught first, before introducing the standard deviation. Some have gone so far as to argue that the standard deviation should be replaced by the mean absolute deviation.  Although the standard deviation is important for scientific and mathematical applications, it is not as intuitive as the mean absolute deviation. For day-to-day applications, the mean absolute deviation is a more tangible way to measure how spread out data are.